Minutes of the September 5, 2023, Board Meeting (Online)

by Gene Allen, Secretary

The meeting was convened at 1930 on Zoom by Director Rex Parker with the agenda for the evening. All other board officers were present: Assistant Director Larry Kane, Treasurer Michael Mitrano, Program Chair Victor Davis, Observatory Co-Chairs Dave & Jen Skitt, Outreach Chair Bill Murray, and Secretary Gene Allen. Other leaders in attendance were Editor Surabhi Agarwal, Promotions Chair Debbie Mayes, Astrovideo Chair Michael DiMario, and former Program Chair Ira Polans.

Monthly Meetings in the Peyton Hall Auditorium

Victor Davis will be the designated contact person for access to Peyton Hall. Our welcome was renewed by Department Manager Susan Duncan and Events and Communications Coordinator Stephanie Reif. They advised that class schedules, which have priority for use of the auditorium, will be available mid-September and offered a refresher on the use of the new A/V equipment. Dave Skitt and Ira Polans will schedule a session and Gene Allen offered to attend and provide backup/assistance. Dave requested that doors be unlocked by 6pm to allow him more time to get set up. He said some members start arriving by 6:30. We were all in agreement that we need to provide an electronic version of in-person meetings for those physically or geographically unable to attend. Making a recording for later display on YouTube prevents live participation but will be considered as a possible alternative to Zoom transmission.

Program Update

Victor recapped the speaker schedule published in Sidereal Times and brought up that a couple of our upcoming speakers will be Zooming in rather than presenting in person unless we are unable to handle the technicalities of double Zooming. He pointed out that our April meeting date is the day after the solar eclipse when many of us will be dispersed throughout the country and suggested that members Zoom in with their experiences.

Observatory Update

Dave reported that the first of two benches is popular with attendees but storing it inside is awkward and risks damaging the scopes. Permanent mounting outside presents an undesirable additional challenge to mowing and trimming. He will look into finding a way to hang them under the roof rails on the north side of the building.

Some testing of filters was accomplished during the previous public night, but it was so well attended that another opportunity is needed to decide on which ones the club should purchase.

Dave is planning a solar observing session from 1300-1600 on September 16 for members, family, and friends. It is not to be advertised to the general public.

It was suggested that the observatory be opened and staffed for the partial solar eclipse on October 14.

Outreach Update

Rex and Bill will appeal to Keyholder and Members to bring scopes to support a number of star party requests over the next few months. Bill indicated that if he does not get an adequate number of volunteers promptly, he will withdraw from participating in the event.

Promotions Update

Debbie reported that social media is contributing to attendance as well as the website. She created a couple of draft flyers advertising our monthly meeting and public nights at the observatory and sought approval to employ a professional graphic designer to amp them up. Officers pointed out that as a designated leader she may spend up to $1000 for flyers or other promotional materials before any board approval is required.

Everyone acknowledged that our website is functional but dated. Maintenance is challenging due to accumulated layers of uncommented and confusing code. Surabhi pointed out that WordPress web-building software is already available on our server. The approach would be to create a new website alongside the existing one and swap over when we are satisfied with it. Michael DiMario shared that both Delaware Valley and Southwest Florida astronomy clubs have much more appealing sites. Rex designated Debbie to lead a team of Surabhi, Jeff Pinyan, and Michael DiMario to begin the long and difficult process. John Miller’s long history of the creation and maintenance of the website and its hosting was acknowledged but no one thought it appropriate to formally burden him with this challenge given his continuing health struggles.

Astroimagers Update

Michael reported that while there are 44 members in the group, very few participate and there is disappointingly little traffic on Groups.io compared to some other small clubs. It was pointed out that many of the members are only aspiring astroimagers, and Michael realized that “how to” sessions might be popular. Larry suggested competitions but Michael countered that the same few experts among us would easily always win.

This and That

A bronze plaque honoring the memory of the late Gene Ramsey has been proposed. He served as Observatory Chair for many years, and those of us he trained would agree that he was our most passionate and dedicated outreach ambassador ever. Victor agreed to wordsmith an appropriate tribute. A source for a bronze version of a popular photo needs to be identified. His surviving family members would be invited to its dedication.

At Michael Mitrano’s suggestion the board voted to end our post office box lease. Infrequent mailings can be directed to his home or checks can be handed to him at meetings. Website pages will need to be revised.

Surabhi reported that a high school senior, Yugandhara Luthra, has volunteered to be an editor for the Sidereal Times. A bio and photo were published at:

< https://princetonastronomy.com/2023/03/05/introducing-new-student-member/ >.

An available eclipse ambassador outreach opportunity that includes training was brought up by Ira. Anyone interested should contact him for details.

The meeting was adjourned at 2127.

Submitted by Secretary Gene Allen

09/09/2023

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Equipment For Sale

Member Joseph Matthews has an
1. AVX Mount,
2. TriPod,
3. Counter Weight,
4. Hand Controller
5. Travel Bag
to sell.  He also has the original packing and can pack it up if needed.

He is looking for $300 or best offer.

Please send him an email at  jwmatt55@icloud.com if you are interested.

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NJAA Update

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Introducing New Member

I am Purnendu Gupta. an engineer and MBA by training, a management consultant by profession and a backyard astronomer by passion. I have been doing astrophotography for a few years and have discovered AAAP a few months ago and attended some in person and online events. I write an astro blog to document my learnings about the objects I photograph, the science and the people behind them. My observations are mostly from my backyard in Monroe, New Jersey using primarily a Mak-Cassegrain scope. My most recent notable astro adventure was the serendipitous pre-discovery imaging of a new Supernova 2023 ixf in M101 Pinwheel Galaxy in May 2023, a few hours prior to the official discovery. Some more public domain mentions can be found here. I am thoroughly enjoying the sessions and talks organized by AAAP and looking forward to more of them.

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The Last Sunset: A Final Bloom

by Purnendu Gupta

Helix Nebula (Eye of God). © Purnendu Gupta

End of Days

Where do stars like the sun go when they die? At five billion years old, our sun is a middle aged star. In the stellar spectral classification it is also a middle class, yellow star; neither too hot nor too cold.. When stars of this type reach the end of life, they do what humans do at the end of their working lives. They retire.

That’s right. They do not explode into a supernova like their big brothers, or collapse into black holes like their superstar cousins. They gently walk into … the sunset. And when they do, they leave behind what is known as a planetary nebula like the one you see in the image above. The Helix Nebula is also known as the Eye of God, for its unique shape. The nearest example of its kind, it is at about 650 light years distant in the constellation of Aquarius.

I took the image above from my backyard in November of 2022 using a five inch Maksutov-Cassegrain scope. This is light gathered over an hour and a quarter using a narrowband filter.

The image below is a false-color composite of the same object in visible and invisible “light” as seen by four special purpose NASA telescopes that see in different wavelengths. These include Infrared (Spitzer), optical (Hubble), UV (Galaxy Evolution Explorer) and X-Ray (Chandra) telescopes.

Helix Nebula, Composite X-Ray, UV, Optical, Infra Red. Source: NASA

Stars are nuclear fusion reactors that exist at a self adjusting balance between the inward pull of gravity and the outward pressure of hot fusing matter. A bit like a balloon that exists at the sweet spot between the compressing force of its skin, and the expanding force of the air inside. It first lights up when fusion is triggered in the core of the proto-star, among the simplest atom of all – primordial Hydrogen that has atomic number one. This is forced by enormous gravity to combine with its neighbor transforming into the next heavier element in the Periodic Table, Helium, with atomic number two. As Hydrogen is exhausted, three of these Helium atoms will combine to form Carbon with atomic number six and so on. The nuclear alchemy goes on to magically cook heavier elements from lighter ones releasing energy in the process.

About 12,000 years ago, the progenitor star of the Helix nebula started to run out of its hydrogen fuel. The star cooled some and lost some of its ability to hold itself up against gravity. The core shrank, and the outer layers slipped away from its grip into space cooling and expanding into a red giant. This was the end of the “middle class sun” phase of life of the star. Any planets that may have existed in that solar system experienced the last sunset as the red giant engulfed the inner planets.

The Star Within a Star

Once the outer veil got lifted what lay exposed was the star’s stopped nuclear engine. While no longer undergoing fusion, it is held up by another force known as electron degeneracy pressure. A bright core made mostly of a soup of electrons, carbon nuclei and some other elements, on its way to becoming a white hot midget star – a white dwarf.

A white dwarf contains about half the mass of the original star but is compressed by gravity into a ball merely the size of the earth or only 1/100th of the sun’s original diameter. As a result the densities are enormous. A teaspoon could weigh as much as an average car on earth. For comparison, a spoonful of the sun’s core would be much lighter at only 750 grams. By the time the white dwarf forms, the expelled shell has not had time to go very far – and is perhaps a light year or two away from the core. Instead of being a perfect sphere, the expanding shell takes on beautiful shapes due to pre-existing asymmetries. The radiation from the white dwarf core lights up the expanding gas in concentric shells of colors. The Hydrogen glows red and the Oxygen glows blue and green.

Our sun is expected to have a similar fate. In its first red-giant phase after all hydrogen is exhausted, it would engulf the orbits of Mercury and Venus. The next phase would comprise of a helium burn and as that fuel exhausts as well, it would undergo a second red giant phase known as a Asymptotic Giant Branch (AGB) red giant on the HR (Hertzsprung-Russell) diagram of stellar evolution. At this time it is expected to have a radius of once astronomical unit (1 AU), and will engulf the orbit of the Earth.

Eventually the sun will “retire” as a white dwarf that will last many tens of billions of years cooling very slowly. But before that happens, for a few thousand years, it will form a planetary nebula like the Helix. The whorls of colorful gas around it will expand into space and fade away relatively quickly, like a cosmic flower in final bloom. To an alien astronomer, this may be the only reminder that we were ever here.

Imaging Specs:
————————
25x180s light frames (total 1 h 15 min integration) with calibration frames. Optolong L-enhance narrowband filter. ASI294MC Pro cooled camera. Guided exposure with Celestron 127 SLT Mak-Cass on Celestron AVX mount

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Point of View

by John A. Church

“You’re home early, Dad!”
“We only work half days at the office now because of the pandemic. I stopped on the
way home to get you something because I know how much you like astronomy.”
“Thank you! I bet it’s a telescope.”
“You’re right. Tonight’s going to be clear and we can try it out.”
“Can I see it?”
“Sure, let’s go inside and set it up.”
It was a small refractor, a good starter scope for a youngster. They positioned it on its
tripod and the father showed his child how to point and focus it. They could both hardly
wait for darkness to fall so that they could begin exploring the night sky. There was no
moon that evening, so it would be a good chance to get better acquainted with the
constellations.
After dinner they went outside and got oriented to the sky. The child looked up and said,
“I see a constellation that looks like a man. He has a belt of three stars and two other
bright ones near an arm and a leg.”
“Yes, and if you look real close you might even see a sword hanging from his belt. Point
your telescope at it and tell me what you see.”
“It’s kind of hazy. There are some faint stars inside it. What is it?”
“It’s called the Great Nebula. Some new stars are actually being formed within it right
now.”
“New stars? Do stars get born all the time? Do they die?”
“Yep. Just like us. But they live a lot longer than we do.”
“I’d like to have my own star that I could watch and make sure it doesn’t die. Can I have
one?”
“Absolutely! Why don’t you look around and pick one out. Try to get a smaller one that
nobody else will notice. That way it can be your own star.”

“OK, I think I’ve got one. I can just barely see it without the telescope. Do you think
that it might even have planets going around it like we have here? I’ve been reading that
astronomers have found that some other stars actually do have planets, but the ones that
they know about are mostly not very good places to live.”
“Well, this one might have planets. Who knows, maybe even life.”
“Can I name my own star?”
“Of course.”
“OK, I’ll call it Sol. Thank you for the telescope! Let’s go back inside and have a nice
cold glass of ammonia to celebrate!”

Author’s note: This story takes place on a fictional planet orbiting Gamma Serpentis, an
F6-type star about 37 light-years from Earth. In stellar mythology, it’s in the head of the
giant serpent being held by Ophiuchus. From there, our tiny Sol would be only a fifth
magnitude star, lost among the multitude of many brighter ones.

The Great Nebula (M42) is about 1340 light-years away. Rigel and Betelgeuse are about
870 and 600, and the three belt stars 1200 to 2000. Orion should look much the same
from this planet as it does from Earth, but somewhat smaller. Sol should be several
degrees away from Rigel. For Star Trek fans, Gamma Serpentis was near the heart of
Federation space.

I’ve worked with liquid ammonia, which boils at about 33 degrees below zero Celsius
under local atmospheric pressure. Ammonia-based life forms have been hypothesized. A
1962 New Yorker cartoon showed a crashed alien thirsting for it in a desert.
Apologies to anyone who may have already written a story similar to this one.

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A Year of Oppenheimer  

by Gene Allen

Some of us followed the recommendation at the November 8, 2022, AAAP meeting to read American Prometheus: The Triumph and Tragedy of J. Robert Oppenheimer. Even though the book bogged down in minutiae of the hearing testimony, its beginnings were quite enlightening and entertaining. A handful of AAAP members were sufficiently interested to attend what was to me a disappointing live chat with its author, Kai Bird, at the Institute for Advanced Study on May 18. While there was some fun encountering a celebrated author live and in person, none of his responses to even intellectually appealing requests for depth and elaboration consisted of more than quotes from the book. One got no feeling that he had any personal involvement with the world of his subject. His Pulitzer-winning creation seemed no more than a project he had completed some time ago. It made me expect that his researcher and coauthor, the historian Martin J. Sherwin, would have been a more invested and interesting interviewee. He sadly died in October 2021, but it was interesting to learn that he had once held a faculty position at Princeton University.

American Prometheus is reported to be the starting point for Christopher Nolan’s movie “Oppenheimer” which was released this past July. One should always question the authenticity of any supposedly historical account, but in general movies are particularly unfaithful to truth. Most TV and movie representations of semiautomatic handgun operation, for example, are shamefully false. When the last round has been expended, the slide locks open. It is utterly impossible to point it at someone and be surprised that pulling the trigger gives an empty click sound. And don’t let me get started about aviation sequences. Most are too preposterous for me to abide even sitting through them. So how much license did Nolan take with his account?

An alumni contact email in late September led me to an impressively erudite review of “Oppenheimer” at < https://lareviewofbooks.org/article/fact-fiction-and-the-father-of-the-bomb-on-christopher-nolans-oppenheimer/ >.

The reviewer, Alex Wellerstein, is a professor of science and technology studies at the Stevens Institute of Technology in Hoboken, New Jersey, and the author of Restricted Data: The History of Nuclear Secrecy in the United States, which appeared from the University of Chicago Press in 2021. He also writes Restricted Data: The Nuclear History Blog online, and his next book will be on atomic policy during the Truman administration. Wellerstein’s command of the historical record borders on awesome and his forensic evaluation of the movie is even-handed. He is neither derisive nor patronizing. Overall, one comes away with the sense that it is a worthy production. While sitting in a theater for three hours is not appealing, the movie will certainly deserve my attention when it reaches streaming services.

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Gifts from Outer Space

by S. Prasad Ganti

The spacecraft OSIRIS-REx passed close to the Earth to paradrop off a sample of material it scooped from the asteroid Bennu about three years back. The sample has landed safely in the deserts of Utah, while the spacecraft is on its way to another asteroid Apophis. The sample will be taken to John Space Center where it will be meticulously studied for months and years. 

It is not the first time we got samples from outer space beyond the moon. The Genesis spacecraft which collected solar wind particles dropped a sample in 2004, but due to some miscalculation in the design of the landing system, the sample crashed to the Earth. But some of the solar wind particles were recovered and studied. One of the conclusions of the study is that Earth lost some of its atmosphere early in its history.

Next, the Stardust spacecraft picked up samples from a comet called Wild-2. The samples landed safely in the deserts of Utah in 2006. The comet is considered a fresh comet since it made very few orbits around the Sun. It lost very few of its original particles of gas and dust. 

Similarly the Japanese spacecraft Hayabusa 2 visited the asteroid Ryugu and dropped off samples in 2020. Earlier, the lunar samples have been returned by the Chinese, Russians and NASA. In addition to the Apollo astronauts bringing back some of the samples with them. 

Launched in 2016, OSIRIS-REx (having a fancy acronym – Origins, Spectral Interpretation, Resource Identification, Apophis Explorer, Regolith Explorer). In 2020, it did a touch and go scooping of the sample by hovering over the surface of Bennu and kicked up the regolith using its nitrogen thrusters. 

Asteroids are found in large numbers in the Asteroid belt, between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter around the sun. These are the remnants from the formation of our solar system. Something like the garbage dump where excess construction material are thrown away. Fortunately, such construction garbage dumps provide information on the material that went into the construction of the building. 

These efforts to collect samples are involved with expensive space missions. Besides these, there are free samples which come to the Earth all the time. The book “Impact” by Greg Brennecaka covers the phenomena of hundred tons of meteoritic material which falls to the Earth from space each day. Most of them are in the form of dusty meteorites. Some are rocks and bigger objects which burn off most of the time through the perilous journey through the Earth’s atmosphere. This tells us the importance and the challenges of safely guiding the returned samples to the surface of the Earth. 

Meteorites are postulated to have brought the  metals found in the Earth’s crust, organic material, and water. The original metals from the formation of Earth sank to the molten core long ago. What is being mined today are courtesy the carriers from outer space.

Some of the meteorites called carbonaceous chondrites have a matrix-like structure which holds water and organic molecules. Some of the organic molecules are  the L (left) type amino acids which are the basis of higher forms of life like us. Meteorites also contain phosphorus, a critical component for life, but not found in reduced form on earth. We might owe our existence to these gifts from outer space. And we crave to study them and bring more of them by sending return missions into outer space. 

The human quest to understand our origins and possibly the originator are centuries old. Although the spiritual and scientific methods differ, the common quest still remains the same.

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Snippets

compiled by Arlene & David Kaplan

-NYT

James Webb: Telescope reveals new detail in famous supernova This is an image of a supernova – an exploded star – taken by the new super space telescope James Webb (JWST). SN1987A, as it’s known, is one of the most famous and studied objects in the southern hemisphere sky…more

-NYT
-NYT

F.A.A. Spells Out Needed Fixes for SpaceX’s Starship Rocket The next giant Starship rocket from Elon Musk’s SpaceX is standing on the launching pad in South Texas. But the Federal Aviation Administration said on Friday that the company must undertake “corrective actions” before it would issue a launch license for the second flight…more

-NYT

Don’t Expect a ‘Theory of Everything’ to Explain It All What good are the laws of physics if we can’t solve the equations that describe them? That was the question that occurred to me on reading an article in The Guardian by Andrew Pontzen, a cosmologist at University College London who spends his days running computer simulations of black holes, stars, galaxies and the birth and growth of the universe…more

-BBC

Tantalising sign of possible life on faraway world Nasa’s James Webb Space Telescope may have discovered tentative evidence of a sign of life on a faraway planet. It may have detected a molecule called dimethyl sulphide (DMS). On Earth, at least, this is only produced by life…more

-NYT

Mummies From Outer Space? Mexico’s Congress Gets a Firsthand Look. Mexico’s Congress is usually meant to be a venue for solemn presentations on budgets and other serious legislation. But this week, lawmakers heard testimony from a self-proclaimed U.F.O. researcher who brought with him some unusual objects…more

-NYT

NASA Introduces New U.F.O. Research Director Pledging a new, transparent, scientifically rigorous look at U.F.O.s, NASA on Thursday said it had appointed a director of research on the topic — and then kept the name of the director a secret for about seven hours….more

Livescience.com

James Webb telescope finds potential signature of life on Jupiter’s icy moon Europa NASA’s James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) has revealed homemade carbon dioxide on Jupiter’s icy moon Europa, raising the possibility that the frigid waterworld could host life. Europa, which is a little bit smaller than Earth’s moon, is covered with a crust of water ice enveloping a saltwater ocean…more

-NASA

NASA’s Webb Finds Carbon Source on Surface of Jupiter’s Moon Europa Jupiter’s moon Europa is one of a handful of worlds in our solar system that could potentially harbor conditions suitable for life. Previous research has shown that beneath its water-ice crust lies a salty ocean of liquid water with a rocky seafloor. However, planetary scientists had not confirmed if that ocean contained the chemicals needed for life, particularly carbon…more

-NYT

Nothing’s the Matter With Antimatter, New Experiment Confirms Physicists know that for every fundamental particle in nature there is an antiparticle — an evil twin of identical mass but endowed with equal and opposite characteristics like charge and spin. When these twins meet, they obliterate each other, releasing a flash of energy on contact…more

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From The Director

by Rex Parker, PhD director@princetonastronomers.org

Monthly Meetings on Campus Begin Sept 12.  We’re excited that the Dept of Astrophysical Sciences at Princeton University is welcoming us back again to Peyton Hall auditorium for our meetings on the second Tuesday each month at 7:30pm.  The major construction underway across from Peyton Hall means that members must park cars in the garage at 148 Fitzrandolph Rd, at the corner of Faculty and Fitzrandolph on the campus, the former site of Fitzrandolph Observatory for many decades in the 1900’s. It’s important to arrive about 15 minutes early for the walk to Peyton Hall; see the map in Victor’s article below.  We hope that you will join us in person this season, while remotely participating via Zoom will remain an option.  Of course, participating in person is a good way to get to know other members and help spark the energy that makes being in an astronomy club fun.  

Searching for Extrasolar Meteors and Alien Artifacts.  A couple years ago at a AAAP meeting we engaged in a book review of “Extraterrestrial”, by Harvard astrophysics professor Avi Loeb.  The book has become a huge best-seller while irritating some in the astrophysics community.  We invited Dr Loeb as AAAP guest speaker at the November 2022 meeting, where he told the story of his team’s research into the possibility of extrasolar archeologic artifacts.  Since then the tale has become even more interesting. Professor Loeb hypothesized that the apparent extrasolar near-Earth object known as Oumuamua, observed in 2017 by telescopes in Hawaii, might have had an extrasolar technological origin.  Based on several unusual properties Oumuamua was suggested to possibly be a light sail, long considered as a potential method of space travel.  Dr Loeb subsequently founded the Galileo Project based at Harvard (link: The Galileo Project (harvard.edu)) for the “Systematic Scientific Search for Evidence of Extraterrestrial Technological Artifacts”.  Even though Dr Loeb has taken a lot of heat from scientific peers about seeking signs of extraterrestrials, he has remained rigorous in research approaches and in mathematical analysis of the probabilities and distribution of extrasolar objects crossing interstellar space. And he has boldly pushed to loosen up the astronomy community’s taboo against the topic.

Fast forwarding to 2023, the Galileo Project team embarked on a sea mission to attempt the recovery of the remnants of a likely interstellar meteor, which in Jan 2014 was detected by US government satellite sensors as atmospheric detonations near Papua New Guinea. Previous studies by other scientists had developed an understanding of how meteors entering earth’s atmosphere at very high velocities will vaporize and explode at elevations depending on initial speed and mass. The Galileo team developed a magnetic undersea sled towed by a ship to attempt the recovery in the Pacific Ocean target zone, with outlying areas serving as control.

They retrieved from the seafloor along the meteor’s path about 700 metallic spherules of 0.05 to 1.3 mm diameter with distribution concentrated along the bolide path (see picture below). Initial chemical and isotope analysis indicated a composition unmatched by existing alloys in our solar system.  They found abundances of certain key elements, and isotope ratios for iron, which were unlike those found on Earth, the Moon, or Mars, suggesting an interstellar origin.  The initial analysis results were consistent with a fiery bolide entry into the lower atmosphere, which certainly presents a complex physics and chemistry problem. These signatures were not found in samples from the control areas outside the path.  The expedition team’s paper on the initial findings has been submitted for peer review in a scientific journal and is available as preprint here: Discovery of Spherules of Likely Extrasolar Composition in the Pacific Ocean Site of the CNEOS 2014-01-08 (IM1) Bolide (harvard.edu). The spherules will be further analyzed by four laboratories around the world (Harvard University, UC Berkeley, and the Bruker Corporation, and the Univ of Technology in Papua New Guinea) using state-of-the art instrumentation.  Depending on the results of more thorough analyses, humanity may hold the first-ever sample of material which originated in another star system and travelled an interstellar journey to reach our planet. Whether even more remarkable conclusions may emerge, including the possibility of an extraterrestrial technological origin, remains to be seen, and as the authors say “will be considered critically along with additional results from spherule analysis in future publications”.  

An early photograph of one of the spherules collected from the sea floor along the bolide path. (photo from https://avi-loeb.medium.com/what-a-wonderful-world-8769dd88ab5c)

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